On what charge was Cicero eventually exiled in relation to his handling of Catiline's conspiracy?

Cicero was exiled primarily due to the controversial decision he made during the Catiline conspiracy. He chose to execute several conspirators without a trial, a move that provoked significant backlash in Roman society and politics. This act raised questions about the legality of his actions and adherence to Roman law, particularly the rights of Roman citizens to due process.

The fundamental issue that led to his exile revolved around the violation of the legal right to a trial. In the Roman Republic, it was a serious offense to execute citizens without following proper judicial procedures, which is precisely what Cicero did when he ordered the execution of the conspirators. His decision was supported by some as necessary for the protection of the state, but it was vehemently opposed by others, including notable politicians like Julius Caesar and the popular faction, who viewed his actions as tyrannical and in breach of legal norms.

As such, the charge of executing Roman citizens without trial, which refers to his bypassing of established legal procedures, serves as the basis of Cicero's exile. This event highlights the tension between maintaining public safety and adhering to the principles of justice and due process in the political landscape of ancient Rome.